Independent learning is one model that is applied in a conventional classroom. Self-learning process, allowing the student to digest the teaching materials with minimal teacher assistance. They follow the teaching materials and learning activities that have been specially designed so that any problems or difficulties have been anticipated earlier. Self-learning model is very useful, because it is flexible, not binding, and train students so that independence is not dependent upon the presence or the description of the teacher teaching materials. Based on the idea of ​​flexibility and independence of this independent study has ber’metamorfosis’ in such a way, including a system of open learning, distance learning, and e-learning. The changes are also influenced by other sciences and the reality on the ground.
SELF-STUDY MODEL
1. Open Learning System (SBT)
Open learning system is a self-learning process that is designed without regard to public and academic prerequisites, such as age, education sbelumnya, just like a conventional classroom. SBT, as well as independent learning, does not have a specific schedule and location. Given the characteristics above, the SBT allows one to study in accordance with the rhythm, learning styles, as well as learn their own pace. The absence of age restrictions allow an opportunity open to anyone interested. Learn the location can be determined solely by students.
Thus a student can learn freely without being disturbed or disturbing (students) others (Malone, 1997 & Dorell, 1993). However, SBT has several drawbacks, including:
* Required “mature” attitude of the students / learners in the process of learning to deal with obstacles and determine their own solutions.
* There is a process of socialization causes SBT shunned by students of certain ages. Learners ‘feel’ does not have a classmate or classmates.
* The response delay (delayed feedback) on learning difficulties, whereas in the conventional classroom teacher immediately responded.
* In Indonesia, people still believe that the learning process following the teacher’s presence is the actual learning process.
2. Distance Learning (BJJ)
BJJ is a real sense among students and presenters of material separated by a distance, so it needs no particular effort to overcome them. For Malone (1997), BJJ takes place when the renderer and apart because of distance learners and learners studying teaching materials that have been designed specifically for it. Malone stated that BJJ has evolved. The first generation was correspondence learning BJJ. Teaching materials are sent via the postal service. BJJ The second generation is characterized by the use of audiovisual media and computer training programs berasas (computer-based training or CBT), following a scheduled tutorial program. While BJJ is already using a third generation of telecommunication services. Of course the product of advanced technology such as fax machines, teleconferencing (via satellite), or e-mail address already in use. Menagatasi learn communication problems such as delayed feedback is the reason the use of telecommunications services. Lately, more apparent use of satellite services encourage the development of e-learning model.
3. Independent Learning in Organizations: Learning and Flexible Learning Berasas Resources (Resource-based Learning)
In addition to SBT and BJJ, the term flexible learning is also introduced by Malone. He stated both SBT and BJJ can be referred to as flexible learning. Both contain aspects of flexibility (flexible). Dorell added that flexible learning is a learning process that utilizes all the available learning resources, as required by learners. To support the study process, Dorell assume that all the following learning resources and human resources must be available to work together as one system. For ease of use of these learning resources, it would require institutionalization and management of learning resources as well as possible.
ROLE OF THE TEACHER / Instructor
The process of self-learning changes the role of the teacher or instructor, a facilitator, or the designer of the learning process. As a facilitator, a teacher or instructor helping students overcome learning difficulties, or he can be learning partners for a specific material in the tutorial program. Designers of learning tasks require teachers to process the material into a format in accordance with the pattern of self-learning.
Teaching Materials
The whole self-learning model as it was, to use teaching materials that have been designed specifically for it. Some of the conditions to be met by the teaching materials are:
* Clarity formulation of learning objectives (general and specific)
* Teaching materials were developed step by step, packaged design follows the contours of the message, such as the balance of verbal and visual messages, clues: color, line, plot and so on.
* Teaching materials are a complete learning system, there are formulas which learning objectives, teaching materials, examples / not an example, the evaluation of mastery of the material, study guide and reference readings. If necessary, list all sources that support learning.
* Teaching materials can be delivered to students via print media, or computerized such as CBT, CD-ROM, or program audio / video.
* Teaching materials themselves sent by postal service, or use advanced technology to the Internet (site specific) and e-mail, or by other means that are considered easy and affordable by learners.
* Submission of teaching materials may also be accompanied by a tutorial program, which was held on a schedule and a specific location or in accordance with the agreement of the learners.
